Ngaba iqondo lobushushu lichaphazela ukuKholwa koMbane kunye neThermal?

Umbanei-conductivyime njengeiparameter esisisekokwifiziksi, ikhemistri, kunye nobunjineli bale mihla, ebambe iimpembelelo ezibalulekileyo kuwo wonke amasimi,ukusuka kwimveliso yomthamo ophezulu ukuya kwi-ultra-precise microelectronics. Ukubaluleka kwayo okubalulekileyo kuvela ekulungelelaniseni kwayo ngokuthe ngqo ukusebenza, ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye nokuthembeka kweenkqubo ezingenakubalwa zombane kunye ne-thermal.

Le ngcaciso ineenkcukacha isebenza njengesikhokelo esibanzi sokuqonda ubudlelwane obuntsonkothileyo phakathii-conductivity yombane (σ), i-thermal conductivity(k), kunye nobushushu (T). Ngaphaya koko, siya kuphonononga ngokucwangcisiweyo indlela yokuziphatha kweeklasi ezahlukeneyo zezinto eziphathekayo, ukusuka kwii-conductor eziqhelekileyo ukuya kwii-semiconductors ezikhethekileyo kunye ne-insulators, njengesilivere, igolide, ubhedu, intsimbi, izisombululo, kunye nerabha, evala umsantsa phakathi kolwazi lwethiyori kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemizi-mveliso yokwenyani.

Wakuba ugqibile oku kufunda, uya kuxhotyiswa ngokuqonda okuqinileyo, okunentsingiseloyeiUnxulumano lobushushu, i-conductivity, kunye nobushushu.

Isiqulatho:

1. Ngaba ubushushu buchaphazela ukuhanjiswa kombane?

2. Ngaba ubushushu buchaphazela i-thermal conductivity?

3. Ubudlelwane phakathi kombane kunye ne-thermal conductivity

4. I-Conductivity vs chloride: iiyantlukwano eziphambili

I. Ngaba ubushushu buchaphazela ukuhanjiswa kombane?

Umbuzo othi, "Ngaba ubushushu buchaphazela i-conductivity?" iphendulwe ngokuqinisekileyo: Ewe.Ubushushu bunempembelelo ebalulekileyo, exhomekeke kwizinto eziphathekayo kumbane kunye ne-thermal conductivity.Kwizicelo zobunjineli ezibalulekileyo ukusuka kukuhanjiswa kwamandla ukuya ekusebenzeni kwenzwa, ubushushu kunye nobudlelwane bokuziphatha buyalela ukusebenza kwecandelo, imida esebenzayo, kunye nokhuseleko lokusebenza.

Ubushushu buchaphazela njani i-conductivity?

Iqondo lobushushu litshintsha i-conductivity ngokutshintshangokulula kangakananiabathwali bentlawulo, njengeelektroni okanye iiyoni, okanye ubushushu buhamba ngento. Isiphumo siyahluka kuhlobo ngalunye lwezinto eziphathekayo. Nantsi kanye indlela esebenza ngayo, njengoko icacisiwe ngokucacileyo:

1.Izinyithi: i-conductivity iyancipha ngokunyuka kweqondo lokushisa

Zonke iintsimbi zisebenza ngee-electron ezisimahla ezihamba lula kumaqondo obushushu aqhelekileyo. Xa ishushu, iiathom zentsimbi zingcangcazela kakhulu. Ezi ntshukumo zisebenza njengemiqobo, zisasaza ii-electron kwaye zicothise ukuhamba kwazo.

Ngokukodwa, umbane kunye ne-thermal conductivity yehla ngokuthe ngcembe njengoko ubushushu bukhuphuka. Kufuphi nobushushu begumbi, ukuhanjiswa ngokuqhelekileyo kuyawa~0.4% ngokunyuka kwe-1°C.Okuchasene,xa ukunyuka kwe-80 ° C kwenzeka,iintsimbi zilahlekile25–30%yokuqhuba kwabo kwasekuqaleni.

Lo mgaqo usetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-industrial processing, umzekelo, iindawo ezishushu zinciphisa amandla akhoyo akhuselekileyo kwi-wiring kunye nokunciphisa ubushushu obuphantsi kwiinkqubo zokupholisa.

2. Kwi-Semiconductors: i-conductivity iyanda ngeqondo lokushisa

I-semiconductors iqala ngee-electron ziboshwe ngokuqinileyo kwisakhiwo sezinto eziphathekayo. Kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi, bambalwa abanokunyakaza ukuze baphathe okwangoku.Njengoko iqondo lobushushu linyuka, ubushushu bunika ii-elektroni amandla okwaneleyo ukuze zikhululeke kwaye zihambe. Okukhona kufudumala, kokukhona abathwali bentlawulo bafumaneka ngakumbi,kwandisa kakhulu conductivity.

Ngeendlela ezicacileyo, i-cI-onductivity inyuka ngokukhawuleza, kaninzi iphinda kabini yonke i-10-15 ° C kuluhlu oluqhelekileyo.Oku kunceda ukusebenza kubushushu obuphakathi kodwa kunokubangela imiba ukuba kushushu kakhulu (ukuvuza okugqithisileyo), umzekelo, ikhomputha inokonakala ukuba i-chip eyakhiwe nge-semiconductor ifudunyezwa kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu.

3. Kwi-Electrolytes (I-Liquids okanye iiGel kwiiBattery): i-conductivity iphucula ngokushisa

Abanye abantu bayazibuza ukuba ubushushu buchaphazela njani isisombululo sombane, kwaye nali eli candelo. I-Electrolytes iqhuba ii-ion ezihamba ngesisombululo, ngelixa ukubanda kwenza ulwelo lube ngqindilili kwaye lube buthuntu, okukhokelela ekuhambeni okucothayo kweeyoni. Kunye nokunyuka kweqondo lobushushu, ulwelo luba ne-viscous encinci, ngoko ke ii-ion zisasazeka ngokukhawuleza kwaye zithwala intlawulo ngokufanelekileyo.

Lilonke, i-conductivity inyuka nge-2-3% nge-1 ° C ngelixa yonke into ifumana umgca wayo. Xa izinga lokushisa liphakama ngaphezu kwe-40 ° C, i-conductivity yehla nge ~ 30%.

Ungawufumana lo mgaqo kwihlabathi lokwenyani, njengeenkqubo ezinjengeebhetri zitshaja ngokukhawuleza kubushushu, kodwa umngcipheko wokonakaliswa xa ushushu kakhulu.

II. Ngaba ubushushu buchaphazela ukuhanjiswa kwe-thermal?

I-Thermal conductivity, umlinganiselo wendlela ubushushu obuhamba ngokulula ngayo kwimathiriyeli, ngokwesiqhelo iyehla njengoko iqondo lobushushu linyuka kwizinto ezininzi eziqinileyo, nangona ukuziphatha kohluka ngokusekwe kubume bemathiriyeli kunye nendlela ubushushu obuqhutywa ngayo.

Kwisinyithi, ubushushu buhamba ikakhulu ngee-electron zasimahla. Njengoko ubushushu bukhula, ii-athomu zingcangcazela ngamandla, zisasaze ezi electron kwaye ziphazamise indlela yazo, nto leyo enciphisa amandla esixhobo sokudlulisa ubushushu ngokufanelekileyo.

Kwii-insulators ze-crystalline, ubushushu buhamba ngokungcangcazela kweathom eyaziwa ngokuba ziiphonon. Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu abangela ukuba oku kungcangcazela kuqine, nto leyo ekhokelela kungquzulwano oluthe kratya phakathi kwe-athomu kunye nokwehla okucacileyo kokuhanjiswa kwe-thermal.

Noko ke, kwiigesi, kwenzeka okwahlukileyo. Njengoko iqondo lobushushu liphakama, iimolekyuli zihamba ngokukhawuleza kwaye zingqubana rhoqo, zidlulisela amandla phakathi kongquzulwano ngempumelelo ngakumbi; ngoko ke, i-thermal conductivity iyanda.

Kwiipolymers kunye nolwelo, ukuphuculwa okuncinci kuqhelekileyo ngokunyuka kweqondo lokushisa. Iimeko ezifudumeleyo zivumela amaketanga eemolekyuli ukuba ahambe ngokukhululekileyo kwaye anciphise i-viscosity, okwenza kube lula ukuba ukushisa kudlule kwizinto eziphathekayo.

III. Unxulumano phakathi kombane kunye ne-thermal conductivity

Ngaba kukho unxulumano phakathi kwe-thermal conductivity kunye ne-electrical conductivity? Usenokuzibuza ngalo mbuzo. Ngokwenyani, kukho unxibelelwano oluluqilima phakathi kombane kunye ne-thermal conductivity, kodwa olu qhagamshelwano lunentsingiselo kuphela kwiintlobo ezithile zemathiriyeli, njengesinyithi.

1. Ubudlelwane obuqinileyo phakathi kombane kunye ne-thermal conductivity

Kwiintsimbi ezicocekileyo (njengobhedu, isilivere, negolide), umgaqo olula uyasebenza:Ukuba imathiriyeli ilungile kakhulu ekuqhubeni umbane, ikwantle kakhulu ekuqhubeni ubushushu.Lo mgaqo uyaqhubeka ngokusekelwe kwi-electron-sharing phenomenon.

Kwisinyithi, zombini umbane kunye nobushushu zithwalwa ngokuyintloko ngamasuntswana afanayo: ii-electron zasimahla. Yingakho ukuhanjiswa kombane ophezulu kukhokelela ekuqhubeni okuphezulu kwe-thermal kwiimeko ezithile.

Kubaizombanebaleka,xa kusetyenziswa i-voltage, ezi electron zasimahla zihamba kwicala elinye, zithwele intlawulo yombane.

Xa kufikwa kuiubushushuukuhamba, enye incam yesinyithi ishushu kwaye enye iyabanda, kwaye ezi electron zifana zinye zasimahla zihamba ngokukhawuleza kwindawo eshushu kwaye zingqubeka kwii-electron ezicothayo, ngokukhawuleza zidlulisela amandla (ubushushu) kummandla obandayo.

Le ndlela ekwabelwana ngayo ithetha ukuba ukuba isinyithi sinee-electron ezininzi ezihamba kakhulu (iyenza ibe yi-conductor yombane egqwesileyo), ezo electron zikwasebenza “njengabathwali bobushushu,” obuchazwa ngokusesikweni ngabathwali bobushushu.iWiedemann-FranzUmthetho.

2. Ubudlelwane obuthathaka phakathi kombane kunye ne-thermal conductivity

Ubudlelwane phakathi kombane kunye ne-thermal conductivity buthathaka kwizinto apho intlawulo kunye nobushushu buqhutyelwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.

IV. I-Conductivity vs chloride: iiyantlukwano eziphambili

Ngelixa zombini i-conductivity yombane kunye ne-chloride yoxinaniso ziiparamitha ezibalulekileyouhlalutyo lomgangatho wamanzi, balinganisa iipropati ezahlukeneyo ngokusisiseko.

Ukuqhuba

I-Conductivity ngumlinganiselo wesakhono sesisombululo sokuhambisa umsinga wombane. It imilinganiseloUxinzelelo lulonke lwazo zonke iiyoni ezinyityilisiweyoemanzini, aquka i-ion ehlawulweyo (i-cations) kunye ne-ioni ehlanjululweyo (anions).

Zonke iiyoni, ezifana nekloridi (Cl^-), isodiyam (Na⁺), icalcium (Ca²⁺), i-bicarbonate, kunye ne-sulfate, zinegalelo kwi-conductivity epheleleyo milinganiswe kwi-microSiemens ngesentimitha (µS/cm) okanye milliSiemens ngesentimitha (mS/cm).

I-Conductivity sisalathisi esikhawulezayo, esiqhelekileyoyeIyonkeIziqina ezinyibilikileyo(TDS) kunye nokucoceka kwamanzi ngokubanzi okanye ubutyuwa.

 Ukuxinana kweChloride (Cl^-)

I-Chloride concentration yimilinganiselo ethile ye-chloride anion ekhoyo kuphela kwisisombululo.Ilinganisa iubunzima kuphela ion chloride(Cl^-) ekhoyo, edla ngokuthathwa kwiityuwa ezifana nesodium chloride (NaCl) okanye icalcium chloride (CaCl)₂).

Lo mlinganiselo wenziwa kusetyenziswa iindlela ezithile ezifana ne-titration (umzekelo, indlela ye-Argentometric) okanye i-ion-selective electrode (ISEs)kwiimiligram ilitha (mg/L) okanye iinxalenye ngesigidi (ppm).

Amanqanaba ekloridi abalulekile ekuhloleni ukubanakho ukudleka kwiinkqubo zemizi-mveliso (ezifana neebhoyila okanye iinqaba zokupholisa) kunye nokubeka iliso ekungeneni kwetyuwa kumanzi okusela.

Ngamafutshane, i-chloride inegalelo ekuqhubeni, kodwa ukuqhutyelwa kwe-kloride akuchanekanga.Ukuba i-concentration ye-chloride iyanda, i-conductivity iyonke iya kwanda.Nangona kunjalo, ukuba i-conductivity epheleleyo iyanda, ingaba ngenxa yokwanda kwe-chloride, i-sulfate, i-sodium, okanye nayiphi na indibaniselwano yezinye i-ion.

Ngoko ke, ukuhanjiswa kusebenza njengesixhobo sokuhlola esiluncedo (umzekelo, ukuba i-conductivity iphantsi, i-chloride inokuba iphantsi), kodwa ukubeka iliso kwi-chloride ngokukodwa kwi-corrosion okanye iinjongo zokulawula, uvavanyo lweekhemikhali olujoliswe kuyo kufuneka lusetyenziswe.