Ukuqhuba: Ingcaciso|Iinxaki|iMilinganiselo|Izicelo
Ukuhanjiswa kombaneingaphezulu lee kunengcamango engabonakaliyo; ngumqolo osisiseko welizwe lethu eliqhagamsheleneyo, linika amandla ngokuthe cwaka ukusuka kwizixhobo zombane zamva nje ezisesandleni sakho ukuya kwiigridi ezinkulu zokuhambisa amandla ezikhanyisa izixeko zethu.
Kwiinjineli, iingcali zefiziksi, kunye nenzululwazi yezixhobo, okanye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela yokuziphatha kwento ngokwenyani, ukukwazi ukuqhuba kakuhle akunakuxoxwa. Esi sikhokelo esinzulu asiboneleli nje kuphela inkcazo echanekileyo yokuqhuba kodwa sikwatyhila ukubaluleka kwayo okubalulekileyo, sihlolisise izinto ezisichaphazelayo, kwaye sigxininise izicelo zayo ezinqamlekileyo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo ezifana ne-semiconductors, isayensi yezinto eziphathekayo, kunye namandla avuselelekayo. Cofa nje ukuze ujonge ukuba ukuqonda le propati iyimfuneko kunokuguqula njani ulwazi lwakho lwehlabathi lombane.
Isiqulatho:
2. Izinto eziPhembelela uKuqhuba
4. Indlela yokulinganisa iNdlela yokuQhuba: Iinxaki
5. Izixhobo ezisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa i-Conductivity
Yintoni i-Conductivity?
Ukuhanjiswa kombane (σ) yipropathi ebonakalayo esisiseko elinganisa umthamo wesixhobo ukuxhasa ukuhamba komsinga wombane.. Ngokusisiseko, imisela ukuba kulula kangakanani ukuhlawulisa abathwali, ikakhulu ii-electron zasimahla kwiintsimbi, ezinokunqumla into. Olu phawu luyimfuneko sisiseko esiluqilima sezicelo ezingenakubalwa ukusuka kwii-microprocessors ukuya kwiziseko zophuhliso lwamandla kamasipala.
Njengenxalenye ehambelanayo ye-conductivity, ukuxhathisa kombane (ρ) kukuchasa ukuhamba kwangoku. Ngoko ke,ukuchasana okuphantsi kuhambelana ngokuthe ngqo kwi-conductivity ephezulu. Iyunithi esemgangathweni yamazwe ngamazwe kulo mlinganiso yi-Siemens ngemitha nganye (S/m), nangona iimilisiemens ngesentimitha (mS/cm) isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kuhlalutyo lweekhemikhali kunye nokusingqongileyo.
I-Conductivity vs. Resistivity: Iiconductors vs. Insulators
I-conductivity ekhethekileyo (σ) ichaza imathiriyeli njengezikhonda-ndlela, ngelixa ukubizwa kwe-resistantivity (ρ) kubenza zibe zizithinteli ezifanelekileyo. Ngokusisiseko, umahluko ocacileyo wokuqhutywa kwezinto usuka kukwahluka kobukho babathwali beentlawulo ezihambayo.
Ukuziphatha okuphezulu (Ababhexeshi)
Izinyithi ezifana nobhedu kunye ne-aluminiyam zibonisa ukuqhuba okuphezulu kakhulu. Oku kubangelwa kulwakhiwo lwazo lweathom, olubonisa 'ulwandle' olukhulu lweeelectrons ze-valence ezishenxisekayo ezingabotshelelwanga ngamandla kwii-athom zomntu ngamnye. Le propati ibenza babe yimfuneko kwiingcingo zombane, iintambo zothumelo lombane, kunye nemikhondo yesekethe ephezulu.
Ukuba unomdla wokwazi ngakumbi ukuhanjiswa kombane, zikhululeke ukufunda isithuba esigxile ekuvezeni ukuhanjiswa kombane kuzo zonke izinto zobomi bakho.
Ukusebenza okuphantsi (Izigquduli)
Izinto ezinje ngerabha, iglasi, kunye neeseramikhi zaziwa njengezikhuseli. Banee-electron ezimbalwa ukuya kwezingekho simahla, zixhathisa ngamandla ukudlula kombane. Olu phawu lubenza babaluleke kukhuseleko, ukwahlukaniswa, kunye nokuthintela iisekethe ezimfutshane kuzo zonke iinkqubo zombane.
Izinto eziPhembelela ukuQhuba
I-conductivity yombane yipropathi yezinto ezisisiseko, kodwa ngokuchasene nembono ephosakeleyo eqhelekileyo, akusiyo isigxina esisisigxina. Ubunakho besixhobo sokuqhuba umsinga wombane bunokuphenjelelwa ngokunzulu nangokuqikelelwayo ziinguqu zangaphandle zokusingqongileyo kunye nobunjineli obuchanekileyo. Ukuqonda ezi zinto sisiseko setekhnoloji yale mihla yombane, inzwa, kunye netekhnoloji yamandla:
1. Indlela iMiba yaNgaphandle eyichaphazela ngayo indlela yokuziphatha
Ubume obusondeleyo bezinto zenza ulawulo olubonakalayo lokuhamba kwabathwali bayo bentlawulo (ngokuqhelekileyo ii-electron okanye imingxuma). Masiziphonononge ngokweenkcukacha:
1. Iimpembelelo zeThermal: Impembelelo yoBubushushu
Iqondo lobushushu mhlawumbi lolona hlengahlengiso lukhoyo jikelele lokuxhathisa umbane kunye ne-conductivity.
Ngobuninzi beentsimbi ezicocekileyo,i-conductivity iyancipha njengoko ubushushu bukhuphuka. Amandla ashushu abangela ukuba ii-athom zentsimbi (i-crystal lattice) zingcangcazele nge-amplitude enkulu, kwaye ngenxa yoko, ezi ntshukumo ziqinisiweyo ze-lattice (okanye iiphononi) zonyusa ukuphindaphindwa kweziganeko zokusasazeka, kuthintela ngokufanelekileyo ukuhamba kakuhle kwee-electron ze-valence. Le nto ichaza ukuba kutheni iingcingo ezigqithisiweyo zikhokelela ekulahlekeni kwamandla.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwii-semiconductors kunye ne-insulators, i-conductivity inyuka ngokunyuka kweqondo lokushisa. Amandla obushushu ongeziweyo avuselela ii-electron ukusuka kwibhendi ye-valence ngaphesheya komsantsa webhendi kunye nebhendi yokuqhuba, ngaloo ndlela idala inani elikhulu labathwali beentlawulo ezihambayo kunye nokunciphisa kakhulu ukumelana.
2. Uxinzelelo lweMechanical: Indima yoxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo
Ukusetyenziswa koxinzelelo lomatshini kunokutshintsha isithuba se-athomu kunye nesakhiwo sekristale sezinto eziphathekayo, ezithi ziphembelele i-conductivity, kwaye le nto yinto ebalulekileyo kwi-piezoresistive sensors.
Kwezinye izixhobo, uxinzelelo olucinezelayo lunyanzela iiathom zisondelelane, ziphucule ukudityaniswa kwee-electron orbitals kwaye zenze kube lula ukuhamba kwezithwali zentlawulo, ngaloo ndlela zinyusa ukuhanjiswa.
Kwizinto ezifana ne-silicon, ukuzolula (i-tensile strain) okanye ukucudisa (uxinzelelo olucinezelayo) kunokuhlengahlengisa iibhanti zamandla e-electron, ukuguqula ubunzima obusebenzayo kunye nokuhamba kwabathwali bentlawulo. Esi siphumo sichanekileyo sixhaswe kwiigeji zoxinzelelo kunye nee-transducers zoxinzelelo.
2. Indlela ukungcola okukuchaphazela ngayo ukuziphatha
Kwindawo yefiziksi yelizwe eliqinileyo kunye ne-microelectronics, olona lawulo luphezulu kwiipropathi zombane lufezekiswa ngobunjineli bokubumba, ngokuyintloko ngedoping.
I-Doping kukwaziswa okulawulwa kakhulu kwee-athom ezithile zokungcola (ezidla ngokulinganiswa ngeengxenye kwisigidi ngasinye) kwizinto ezicocwe kakhulu, ezisisiseko, ezifana nesilicon okanye igermanium.
Le nkqubo ayitshintshi nje ukuqhuba; ilungelelanisa uhlobo lomthwali wezinto kunye nogxininiso ukwenza into eqikelelwayo, iasymmetrical isimilo sombane esiyimfuneko kwikhompyuter:
N-Type Doping (Negative)
Ukwazisa i-elementi enee-electron ezininzi ze-valence (umzekelo, i-Phosphorus okanye i-Arsenic, ene-5) kune-host material (umz., i-Silicon, ene-4). I-electron eyongezelelweyo inikezelwa ngokulula kwibhendi yokuqhuba, okwenza i-electron ibe ngumthwali wokuqala wentlawulo.
P-Type Doping (Positive)
Ukwazisa i-elementi enee-electron ezimbalwa ze-valence (umzekelo, i-Boron okanye i-Gallium, ene-3). Oku kudala isithuba se-electron, okanye 'umngxuma,' osebenza njengomthwali wentlawulo elungileyo.
Ukukwazi ukulawula ngokuchanekileyo conductivity ngokusebenzisa doping injini yobudala digital:
Kwizixhobo ze-semiconductor, isetyenziselwa ukwenzap-niijunctions, imimandla esebenzayo ye-diode kunye ne-transistors, evumela ukuhamba kwangoku kwindlela enye kuphela kwaye isebenze njengezona zinto zibalulekileyo zokutshintsha kwiiSekethe eziHlanganisiweyo (ICs).
Kwizixhobo zombane we-thermoelectric, ulawulo lwe-conductivity lubalulekile ekulinganiseni imfuno yokuqhutywa kombane kakuhle (ukuhambisa intlawulo) ngokuchasene nokuqhuba kakubi kwe-thermal (ukugcina ukuthambeka kobushushu) kwizinto ezisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa umbane kunye nokupholisa.
Ngokombono we-sensor ephuculweyo, izinto ezinokuthi zenziwe nge-doped okanye i-chemical modified ukuze zenze i-chemiresistors, i-conductivity yayo itshintsha ngokukhawuleza xa ibophelela kwiigesi ezithile okanye iimolekyuli, ezenza isiseko se-sensors zekhemikhali ezinobuthathaka kakhulu.
Ukuqonda kunye nokulawula ngokuchanekileyo i-conductivity kuhlala kubalulekile ekuphuhliseni iteknoloji yesizukulwana esilandelayo, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye nokwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle phantse kuwo onke amacandelo esayensi kunye nobunjineli.
Iiyunithi zokuqhuba
Iyunithi ye-SI esemgangathweni ye-conductivity yi-Siemens ngemitha nganye (S/m). Nangona kunjalo, kwiindawo ezininzi zoshishino kunye nebhubhoratri, i-Siemens per centimeter (S / cm) yiyunithi yesiseko eqhelekileyo. Ngenxa yokuba amaxabiso e-conductivity anokwenza ii-odolo ezininzi zobukhulu, imilinganiselo idla ngokuchazwa kusetyenziswa izimaphambili:
1. I-microSiemens ngesentimitha (mS/cm) isetyenziselwa ulwelo oluphantsi-conductivity efana ne-deionized okanye i-reverse osmosis (RO) yamanzi.
2. milliSiemens per centimeter (mS/cm) ixhaphakile kumanzi etephu, amanzi okucoca, okanye izisombululo ezinebrackish(1 mS/cm = 1,000 μS/cm).
3. i-deciSiemens ngemitha (dS/m) isoloko isetyenziswa kwezolimo kwaye ilingana ne-mS/cm (1 dS/m = 1 mS/cm).
Indlela yokulinganisa iNdlela yokuqhuba: Iiequations
Aimitha conductivityayilinganisi ukuhanjiswa ngokuthe ngqo. Endaweni yoko, ilinganisa ukuqhuba (kwi-Siemens) kwaye emva koko ibale ukuqhuba kusetyenziswa i-sensor-specific Cell Constant (K). Oku kuqhubekayo (kunye neeyunithi ze-cm-1) yipropathi ebonakalayo yejiyometri yesivamvo. Ubalo olungundoqo lwesixhobo lu:
I-Conductivity (S/cm) = iNdlela yokuHambisa eMedareyithiweyo (S) × iSeli eQhubileyo (K, kwi-cm⁻¹)
Indlela esetyenziswayo yokufumana lo mlinganiselo ixhomekeke kwisicelo. Eyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo ibandakanya ukuqhagamshelana (i-Potentiometric) izinzwa, ezisebenzisa i-electrodes (ngokuqhelekileyo i-graphite okanye insimbi engenasici) edibana ngokuthe ngqo nolwelo. Uyilo olulula lwe-2-electrode lusebenza kwizicelo eziphantsi-conductivity njengamanzi acocekileyo. Ukuqhubela phambili ngakumbi 4-i-electrodeabenzi boluvobonelelaukuchaneka okuphezulu kuluhlu olubanzi kakhulu kwaye abachaphazeleki kancinci kwiimpazamo ukusuka kwi-moderate electrode fouling.
Kwizisombululo ezirhabaxa, ezonakalisayo, okanye eziqhuba kakhulu apho ii-electrode zinokungcolisa okanye zidle, izinzwa zoluvo (i-Toroidal) ziya kudlala. Ezi zinzwa ezingaqhagamshelwanga zibonakalisa iikhoyili ezimbini zocingo ezifakwe kwipolymer ehlala ixesha elide. Ikhoyili enye ibangela i-loop yangoku yombane kwisisombululo, kwaye i-coil yesibini ilinganisa ubukhulu balo mjelo, ohambelana ngokuthe ngqo kwi-conductivity yolwelo. Olu yilo lomelele ngokugqithisileyo njengoko kungekho malungu esinyithi abonakaliswe kwinkqubo.
Imilinganiselo yoKuqhuba kunye noBushushu
Imilinganiselo yokuqhuba ixhomekeke kakhulu kubushushu. Njengoko ubushushu bolwelo bukhula, iiyoni zayo zihamba ngakumbi, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ukuhanjiswa okulinganisiweyo kunyuke (kaninzi nge ~2% nge °C). Ukuqinisekisa ukuba imilinganiselo ichanekile kwaye iyathelekiseka, kufuneka ibe yesiqhelo kwireferensi yobushushu obuqhelekileyo, obukwindawo yonke.25°C.
Iimitha zokuqhuba zanamhlanje zenza olu lungiso ngokuzenzekelayo zisebenzisa iidityanisiweubushushuisivamvo. Le nkqubo, eyaziwa njenge-Automatic Temperature Compensation (ATC), isebenzisa i-algorithm yokulungisa (efana nefomula yomgcaG 25 = G_t/[1+α(T-25)]) ukunika ingxelo nge-conductivity ngokungathi ilinganiswe kwi-25°C.
Apho:
G₂₅= Ukuziphatha okuLungileyo kwi-25 ° C;
G_t= I-conductivity eluhlaza ilinganiswa kwiqondo lokushisaT;
T= Ubushushu benkqubo elinganisiweyo (nge °C);
α (alpha)= I-coefficient yokushisa yesisombululo (umzekelo, i-0.0191 okanye i-1.91% / ° C yezisombululo ze-NaCl).
Ukulinganisa i-Conductivity kunye noMthetho ka-Ohm
I-Ohm's Law, ilitye lembombo lenzululwazi yombane, ibonelela ngesakhelo esisebenzayo sokulinganisa ukuhanjiswa kombane wemathiriyeli (σ). Lo mgaqoiseka unxulumano oluthe ngqo phakathi kwamandla ombane (V), okwangoku (I), kunye nokumelana (R). Ngokwandisa lo mthetho ukuze ubandakanye ijometri ebonakalayo yemathiriyeli, i-intrinsic conductivity yayo inokufunyanwa.
Isinyathelo sokuqala kukusebenzisa uMthetho we-Ohm (R = V / I) kwisampula ethile yezinto. Oku kufuna ukuthatha imilinganiselo emibini echanekileyo: i-voltage esetyenziswe kwisampulu kunye nomsinga ohamba kuyo ngenxa yoko. Umlinganiselo wala maxabiso mabini uvelisa ukuxhathisa kombane ngokupheleleyo kwesampulu. Oku kuxhathisa kubalwa, nangona kunjalo, kukodwa kubungakanani besampulu kunye nokumila. Ukulungelelanisa eli xabiso kunye nokumisela ukuhanjiswa kwezinto eziphathekayo, umntu kufuneka aphendule ngemilinganiselo yayo yomzimba.
Imiba emibini ebalulekileyo yejometri bubude besampulu (L) kunye nommandla wayo we-cross-sectional (A). Ezi zinto zihlanganiswe kwifomula enye: σ = L / (R^A).
Le nxaki iguqulela ngokufanelekileyo ipropathi enokumetwa, yangaphandle yochaso kwisiseko, ipropathi yangaphakathi yokuqhuba. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ukuchaneka kokugqibela kokubala kuxhomekeke ngokuthe ngqo kumgangatho wedatha yokuqala. Naziphi na iimpazamo zokulinga ekulinganiseni i-V, I, L, okanye i-A iya kuthomalalisa ukuqinisekiswa kokuziphatha okubalwayo.
Izixhobo ezisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa i-Conductivity
Kulawulo lwenkqubo yoshishino, unyango lwamanzi, kunye nokuveliswa kweekhemikhali, ukuhanjiswa kombane akukona nje ukulinganisa okungahambiyo; luphawu lolawulo olubalulekileyo. Ukufezekisa idatha echanekileyo, ephindaphindwayo ayiphumi kwisixhobo esinye, esizinjongo zonke. Endaweni yoko, ifuna ukwakha inkqubo epheleleyo, ehambelanayo apho icandelo ngalinye likhethelwe umsebenzi othile.
Inkqubo ye-conductivity eyomeleleyo iquka iinxalenye ezimbini eziphambili: isilawuli (ingqondo) kunye ne-sensor (imvakalelo), zombini kufuneka zixhaswe ngokulinganisa okufanelekileyo kunye nembuyekezo.
1. Undoqo: IsiLawuli sokuQhuba
I-hub esembindini yenkqubo yileikwi-intanethiisilawuli conductivity, eyenza okungaphezulu kakhulu kunokubonisa nje ixabiso. Lo mlawuli usebenza "njengengqondo," ukunika amandla inzwa, ukucubungula isignali eluhlaza, kunye nokwenza idatha ibe luncedo. Imisebenzi yayo ephambili ibandakanya oku kulandelayo:
① Imbuyekezo yoBuqondo obuzenzekelayo (ATC)
I-Conductivity ivakalelwa kakhulu kubushushu. Umlawuli wemizi-mveliso, njengeSUP-TDS210-Bokanye iukuchaneka okuphezuluSUP-EC8.0, isebenzisa iqondo lobushushu elihlanganisiweyo ukulungisa ngokuzenzekelayo yonke into efundwayo ibuyele kumgangatho we-25°C. Oku kubalulekile ukuchaneka.
② Iziphumo kunye neeAlam
Ezi yunithi ziguqulela umlinganiselo kwisignali ye-4-20mA ye-PLC, okanye i-trigger relays ye-alamu kunye nokulawulwa kwepompo yedosi.
③ Ulungelelwaniso lwesiNxulumanisi
Umlawuli uqwalaselwe ngojongano lwesoftware ukwenza ulungelelwaniso oluqhelekileyo, olulula.
2. Ukukhetha iSensor yasekunene
Elona candelo libaluleke kakhulu lukhetho olwenzayo malunga nenzwa (okanye probe), njengoko itekhnoloji yayo kufuneka ihambelane neempawu zolwelo lwakho. Ukusebenzisa inzwa engalunganga yinombolo enye yonobangela wokusilela komlinganiselo.
NgaManzi acocekileyo kunye neeNkqubo ze-RO (Ukuqhuba okuphantsi)
Ukusetyenziswa okunje nge-osmosis ebuyela umva, amanzi adiyoniyoni, okanye amanzi okutya kwibhoyila, ulwelo luqulethe iiyoni ezimbalwa kakhulu. Apha, i-sensor conductivity ye-electrode-elektrode (njengeiSUP-TDS7001) lolona khetho lufanelekileyotoumlinganiseloukuhanjiswa kwamanzi. Uyilo lwayo lubonelela ngovakalelo oluphezulu kunye nokuchaneka kula manqanaba aphantsi okuqhuba.
Ngenjongo ngokubanzi & namanzi amdaka (Mid-to-High Conductivity)
Kwizisombululo ezimdaka, eziqulathe izinto eziqinileyo ezinqunyanyisiweyo okanye ezinoluhlu olubanzi lokulinganisa (njengamanzi amdaka, amanzi etephu, okanye ukubekwa esweni kokusingqongileyo), abenzi boluvo bathanda ukonakala. Kwimeko enjalo, inzwa ye-conductivity ye-electrode emine efanaiSUP-TDS7002 sisisombululo esiphezulu. Olu luyilo aluchaphazeli kangako ukwakhiwa kweendawo ze-electrode, ezinikezela ngobubanzi obuninzi, obuzinzile, kwaye bunokuthenjwa ngokufunda kwiimeko eziguquguqukayo.
Ngamachiza aNqwabalala kunye neSlurries (Aggressive & High Conductivity)
Xa ulinganisa imidiya ehlaselayo, efana ne-acids, iziseko, okanye i-slurries e-abrasive, i-electrodes yesinyithi yendabuko iya kugqwala kwaye ingaphumeleli ngokukhawuleza. Isisombululo yi-non-contact inductive (toroidal) i-conductivity sensor efanaiSUP-TDS6012umgca phezulu. Le nzwa isebenzisa iikhoyili ezimbini ezifakwe kwi-encapsulated ukukhuthaza kunye nokulinganisa okwangoku kulwelo ngaphandle kwenxalenye yenzwa yokuyichukumisa. Oku kuyenza ukuba ikhuseleke ngokupheleleyo kumhlwa, ukonakala, kunye nokuguga.
3. Inkqubo: Ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kwexesha elide
Ukuthembeka kwenkqubo kugcinwa ngenkqubo enye ebalulekileyo: ukulinganisa. Isilawuli kunye nesivamvo, nokuba sihambe phambili kangakanani na, kufuneka sijongwe ngokuchasene ne-aeyaziwayoisalathisoisisombululo(umgangatho wokuqhuba) ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka. Le nkqubo ihlawulela nayiphi na inzwa yenzwa encinci okanye i-foiling ekuhambeni kwexesha. Umlawuli olungileyo, njengayeiSUP-TDS210-C, yenza oku kube lula, inkqubo eqhutywa yimenyu.
Ukufezekisa umlinganiselo ochanekileyo we-conductivity ngumbandela woyilo lwenkqubo ehlakaniphile. Ifuna ukufanisa umlawuli okrelekrele ngeteknoloji yenzwa eyakhelweyo kwisicelo sakho esithile.
Yeyiphi eyona mathiriyeli ilungileyo yokuqhuba umbane?
Eyona nto ilungileyo yokuqhuba umbane yisilivere esulungekileyo (Ag), eqhayisa ngeyona ndlela iphezulu yokuqhuba umbane kuyo nayiphi na into. Nangona kunjalo, ixabiso layo eliphezulu kunye notyekelo lokungcolisa (i-oxidize) linciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngokubanzi. Ukusetyenziswa okusebenzayo, ubhedu (Cu) ngumgangatho, njengoko unikezela nge-conductivity yesibini ngexabiso eliphantsi kakhulu kwaye i-ductile ephezulu, eyenza ibe yinto efanelekileyo kwi-wiring, motors, kunye ne-transformers.
Ngokuchaseneyo, igolide (Au), nangona ingaqhubi kangako kunesilivere kunye nobhedu, ibalulekile kwizinto zombane kunxibelelwano olunovakalelo, olunombane ophantsi kuba inoxhathiso oluphezulu lwe-corrosion (ikhemikhali inertness), ethintela ukuthotywa komqondiso ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Ekugqibeleni, i-aluminium (Al) isetyenziselwa umgama omde, imigca yokuhambisa i-high-voltage ngenxa yokuba ubunzima bayo obulula kunye neendleko eziphantsi zinika inzuzo ebalulekileyo, nangona i-conductivity ephantsi ngomthamo xa kuthelekiswa nobhedu.
Usetyenziso lwe-Conductivity
Njengesakhono semathiriyeli sangaphakathi sokuhambisa umsinga wombane, ukuhanjiswa kombane kuyipropathi esisiseko eqhuba itekhnoloji. Usetyenziso lwayo lunwenwela kuyo yonke into ukusuka kwiziseko zophuhliso lwamandla amakhulu ukuya kwi-micro-scale electronics kunye nokubeka iliso kokusingqongileyo. Ngezantsi zizicelo zayo eziphambili apho le propati iyimfuneko:
Amandla, i-Electronics, kunye neMveliso
I-conductivity ephezulu sisiseko sehlabathi lethu lombane, ngelixa ukuqhuba okulawulwayo kubalulekile kwiinkqubo zemizi-mveliso.
Ukuhanjiswa kwamandla kunye ne-Wiring
Izinto eziphezulu zokuqhuba ezifana nobhedu kunye ne-aluminiyam zisemgangathweni wocingo lombane kunye neentambo zombane ezikude. Ukuchasana kwabo okuphantsi kunciphisa I2R (Joule) ilahleko zokufudumeza, ukuqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa kwamandla okusebenzayo.
I-Electronics kunye neeSemiconductors
Kwinqanaba elincinci, iitrayiti zokuqhuba kwiiBhodi zeSekethe eziprintiweyo (PCBs) kunye nezihlanganisi zenza iindlela zeempawu. Kwi-semiconductors, i-conductivity ye-silicon iqhutywe ngokuchanekileyo (i-doped) ukudala i-transistors, isiseko sazo zonke iisekethe ezidibeneyo zanamhlanje.
Electrochemistry
Lo mmandla uxhomekeke kwi-ionic conductivity ye-electrolytes. Lo mgaqo yi-injini yeebhetri, iiseli zepetroli, kunye neenkqubo zemizi-mveliso ezifana ne-electroplating, ukucokisa isinyithi, kunye nokuveliswa kweklorini.
Izinto ezihlanganisiweyo
Iifayili ze-conductive (ezifana nekhabhoni okanye iifayili zetsimbi) zongezwa kwiipolymers ukwenza ii-composites ezineempawu ezithile zombane. Ezi zisetyenziselwa ukukhusela i-electromagnetic shielding (EMI) ukukhusela izixhobo ezinovakalelo kunye nokhuseleko lwe-electrostatic discharge (ESD) kwimveliso.
Ukubeka iliso, umlinganiselo, kunye noxilongo
Umlinganiselo we-conductivity ubaluleke kakhulu njengepropati ngokwayo, isebenza njengesixhobo esinamandla sokuhlalutya.
Umgangatho waManzi kunye nokuBeka iliso kokusiNgqongileyo
Umlinganiselo wokuqhuba yeyona ndlela iphambili yokuvavanya ubunyulu bamanzi kunye netyuwa. Ukusukela ekunyibilikeni kwezinto eziqinileyo ze-ionic (TDS) ukwandisa ngokuthe ngqo ukuhanjiswa, izinzwa zisetyenziselwa ukujonga amanzi okusela;lawulaamanzi amdakaunyango, kunye nokuvavanya impilo yomhlaba kwezolimo.
Uxilongo lwezonyango
Umzimba womntu usebenza kwiimpawu ze-bioelectrical. Ubuchwepheshe bezonyango obufana ne-Electrocardiography (ECG) kunye ne-Electroencephalography (EEG) zisebenza ngokulinganisa imisinga yombane emincinci eyenziwa zii-ion emzimbeni, evumela ukuxilongwa kweemeko zentliziyo kunye ne-neurological.
Iinzwa zolawulo lwenkqubo
Kwimichizakwayeukutyaimveliso, i-conductivity sensors isetyenziselwa ukujonga iinkqubo ngexesha langempela. Banokubona utshintsho kugxininiso, bachonge unxibelelwano phakathi kolwelo olwahlukeneyo (umzekelo, kwiinkqubo ezikwindawo ecocekileyo), okanye balumkise ngokungcola kunye nongcoliseko.
Ii-FAQs
I-Q1: Uthini umehluko phakathi kwe-conductivity kunye ne-resistivity?
A: I-Conductivity (σ) sisixhobo sokukwazi ukuvumela umbane okhoyo, ulinganiswe nge-Siemens ngemitha (S/m). I-Resistivity (ρ) kukukwazi kwayo ukuchasa okwangoku, kulinganiswa ngeemitha ze-Ohm (Ω⋅m). Zii-reciprocals zemathematika ngokuthe ngqo (σ=1/ρ).
I-Q2: Kutheni iintsimbi zine-conductivity ephezulu?
A: Iintsimbi zisebenzisa isinyithi sesinyithi, apho ii-electron ze-valence azibophelwanga kuyo nayiphi na i-athomu enye. Oku kwenza "ulwandle lwee-elektroni" olususwe kwindawo ethile oluhamba ngokukhululekileyo kwizinto eziphathekayo, lula ukudala umsinga xa kusetyenziswa umbane.
I-Q3: Ngaba i-conductivity ingatshintshwa?
A: Ewe, i-conductivity inovakalelo kakhulu kwiimeko zangaphandle. Eyona miba ixhaphakileyo bubushushu (ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu kuncipha ukuhanjiswa kwesinyithi kodwa kwandisa emanzini) kunye nobukho bokungcola (okuphazamisa ukuhamba kwe-electron kwiintsimbi okanye ukongeza i-ion emanzini).
I-Q4: Yintoni eyenza izinto ezifana nerabha kunye neglasi ye-insulators ezilungileyo?
A: Ezi zixhobo zine-covalent eyomeleleyo okanye i-ionic bonds apho zonke ii-electron ze-valence zibanjwe ngokuqinileyo. Ngaphandle kwee-electron zamahhala zokuhamba, azikwazi ukuxhasa umsinga wombane. Oku kwaziwa ngokuba ne "gap band yamandla" enkulu kakhulu.
I-Q5: I-conductivity ilinganiswa njani emanzini?
A: Imitha ilinganisa i-ionic conductivity ukusuka kwiityuwa ezinyityilisiweyo. Iprobe yayo isebenzisa amandla ombane e-AC emanzini, ibangela ii-ion ezinyibilikayo (ezifana ne-Na+ okanye i-Cl-) ukuba zihambe kwaye zenze umsinga. Imitha ilinganisa le yangoku, ilungisa ngokuzenzekelayo ubushushu, kwaye isebenzisa i-sensor ye "cell constant" ukuchaza ixabiso lokugqibela (ngokuqhelekileyo kwi-μS/cm).
Ixesha lokuposa: Oct-24-2025