Ukuqonda Ukuqhutywa: Inkcazo kunye nokubaluleka

Intshayelelo

I-Conductivity idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zobomi bethu, ukusuka kwizixhobo zombane esizisebenzisayo imihla ngemihla ukuya ekusasazweni kombane kwiigridi zamandla. Ukuqonda i-conductivity kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuziphatha kwezinto kunye nokukwazi kwabo ukuhambisa umbane. Kweli nqaku, siza kuhlolisisa inkcazo ye-conductivity, sihlolisise ukubaluleka kwayo, kwaye sihlolisise ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo.

Yintoni i-Conductivity?

I-Conductivity ngumlinganiselo wesakhono sesixhobo sokuqhuba umbane. Yipropathi yento emisela ukuba umbane unokudlula ngokulula kangakanani na kuyo. I-Conductivity luphawu olubalulekileyo lwezinto ezininzi kwaye lusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zesayensi kunye nobunjineli.

Ngokubanzi, iintsimbi zizikhokelo ezilungileyo zombane ngenxa yokuba zinenani eliphezulu lee-electron zamahhala ezinokuhamba kwizinto eziphathekayo. Yingakho ubhedu kunye ne-aluminium zisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwiintambo zombane kunye nezinye izicelo zombane. Kwelinye icala, izinto ezifana nerabha kunye neglasi azikhokhonduki zombane ezilambathayo kuba azinazo ii-electron ezininzi zasimahla.

I-conductivity yezinto eziphathekayo inokulinganiswa ngokwemiqathango yokumelana nombane. Ukuchasana kombane kukuchasana nokuhamba kombane okhoyo ngokusebenzisa izinto. Ukunciphisa ukuchasana, ukuphakama kwe-conductivity. I-Conductivity idla ngokulinganiswa kwi-Siemens ngemitha nganye (S/m) okanye i-millisiemens ngesentimitha (ms/cm).

Ukongeza ekusebenziseni kwayo kwizicelo zombane, i-conductivity ibalulekile nakweminye imimandla efana nekhemistri, ibhayoloji, kunye nesayensi yokusingqongileyo. Ngokomzekelo, i-conductivity yamanzi ingasetyenziselwa ukumisela ukuxinwa kweetyuwa ezinyibilikileyo kunye nezinye izinto emanzini. Olu lwazi lubalulekile ekuqondeni umgangatho wamanzi kunye nokubeka iliso kwiimeko zokusingqongileyo.

Kukho izinto ezininzi ezinokuchaphazela ukuqhuba, kubandakanywa ukushisa, uxinzelelo, kunye nobukho bokungcola okanye ezinye izinto kwizinto eziphathekayo. Kwezinye iimeko, i-conductivity ingaphuculwa okanye ilawulwe ngokongeza izinto ezithile kwizinto eziphathekayo. Oku kwaziwa ngokuba yi-doping kwaye isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwishishini le-semiconductor ukwenza izinto ezineempawu ezithile zombane.

I-Conductivity yipropati ebalulekileyo yezinto ezininzi kwaye idlala indima ebalulekileyo kuluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo zesayensi kunye nobunjineli. Umlinganiselo nolawulo lwayo lubalulekile ekuqondeni nasekuphuculeni ukusebenza kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkqubo.

I-Conductivity kunye neeConductor zoMbane

I-Conductivity ngumlinganiselo wesakhono sesixhobo sokuqhuba umbane. Yipropathi ebalulekileyo kwiinkalo ezininzi, kuquka ubunjineli bombane, isayensi yezinto eziphathekayo, kunye nefiziksi. Ii-conductor zizinto ezine-conductivity ephezulu, oku kuthetha ukuba zivumela umbane wombane ukuba uhambe ngokulula kuwo.

Kubunjineli bombane, i-conductivity yiparameter ephambili ekuyilweni kweesekethe zombane. Izinto eziphathekayo ezine-conductivity ephezulu zisetyenziswa njengama-conductors ombane, ngelixa izinto ezine-conductivity ephantsi zisetyenziswa njenge-insulators. Abaqhubi bombane abaxhaphakileyo ziintsimbi ezifana nobhedu kunye ne-aluminium, ezinokuhamba okuphezulu ngenxa yee-electron zabo zamahhala.

Izinto eziphathekayo ezine-conductivity ephantsi, ezifana neeplastiki kunye neekeramics, zisetyenziswa njenge-insulators ukukhusela umbane wombane ukuba ungahambi kuzo. Ii-insulators zisetyenziswa kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezicelo, kubandakanywa iintambo zombane, izixhobo ze-elektroniki, kunye neentambo zokuhambisa amandla.

Kwisayensi yezinto eziphathekayo, i-conductivity yipropati ebalulekileyo yokuphuhliswa kwezinto ezintsha. Abaphandi bahlala bekhangela izinto ezine-conductivity ephezulu yokusetyenziswa kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa ukugcinwa kwamandla kunye nokuguqulwa, i-electronics, kunye neenzwa.

Enye yezinto eziphambili ezichaphazela i-conductivity yiqondo lokushisa. Njengoko iqondo lokushisa linyuka, i-conductivity yezinto ezininzi iyancipha. Oku kungenxa yokwanda kwe-thermal vibration ye-athomu kwizinto eziphathekayo, okwenza kube nzima ukuba ii-electron zihambe kwizinto eziphathekayo.

Enye into echaphazela i-conductivity kubukho bokungcola kwizinto eziphathekayo. Ukungcola kunokuphazamisa ukuhamba kwee-electron kwizinto eziphathekayo, ukunciphisa ukuqhuba kwayo.

IiYunithi zoMlinganiso wokuqhutywa

Iiyunithi zomlinganiselo wokuqhuba ngumba obalulekileyo kuyo nayiphi na inkqubo yoshishino ebandakanya ukusetyenziswa kolwelo. I-Conductivity ngumlinganiselo wokukwazi ulwelo ukuqhuba umbane, kwaye yiparameter ebalulekileyo ekumiseleni umgangatho kunye nokucoceka kolwelo. Umlinganiselo we-conductivity wenziwa kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezikhethekileyo ezaziwa ngokuba ziimitha zokuqhuba, ezilungiselelwe ukulinganisa ukuhanjiswa kombane kulwelo.

Iiyunithi ezisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa i-conductivity ziboniswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwi-Siemens ngemitha (S/m) okanye i-micro Siemens ngesentimitha (μS/cm). Ezi yunithi zisetyenziselwa ukuvakalisa i-conductivity yombane yolwelo, engumlinganiselo wesixa sentlawulo yombane esinokuthwalwa lulwelo. Ukuphakama kombane wombane wolwelo, kokukhona amandla awo okuqhuba umbane.

Ukongeza kwiiyunithi ezisemgangathweni zokulinganisa, ezinye iiyunithi zisetyenziselwa ukubonisa ukuhanjiswa. Ezi ziquka i-millisiemens ngesentimitha (mS / cm), ilingana ne-1000 μS / cm, kunye nezigqibo ngemitha (dS / m), ilingana ne-10 S / m. Ezi yunithi zisetyenziswa kwizicelo ezithile apho iiyunithi ezisemgangathweni zisenokungafaneleki.

Ukukhethwa kweeyunithi zokulinganisa i-conductivity kuxhomekeke kwisicelo esithile kunye nezinga elifunwayo lokuchaneka. Ngokomzekelo, i-micro Siemens ngesentimitha isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwiindawo zokunyanga amanzi, ngelixa i-Siemens ngemitha nganye isetyenziselwa iinkqubo zoshishino ezifuna amanqanaba aphezulu okuchaneka. Ukhetho lweeyunithi lukwaxhomekeke kuhlobo lolwelo olulinganiswayo, njengoko ulwelo olwahlukileyo lunamanqanaba ahlukeneyo ombane.

Iiyunithi zomlinganiselo wokuqhuba ngumba obalulekileyo kuyo nayiphi na inkqubo yoshishino ebandakanya ulwelo. Ukukhethwa kweeyunithi kuxhomekeke kwisicelo esithile kunye nenqanaba elifunwayo lokuchaneka.Iimitha zokuqhubaziyilelwe ukulinganisa conductivity yombane yolwelo, kunye neeyunithi ezisetyenziselwa ukubonisa conductivity ziquka Siemens ngemitha, micro Siemens ngesentimitha, millisiemens ngesentimitha, kunye nezigqibo ngemitha.

Usetyenziso lwe-Conductivity

I-Conductivity, ukukwazi kwezinto zokuqhuba umbane wombane, unoluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo. Nazi ezinye izicelo eziqhelekileyo ze-conductivity:

IiNcingo zoMbane: Ukuhanjiswa kubalulekile kwiinkqubo zocingo zombane. Iintsimbi ezifana nobhedu kunye ne-aluminium, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-conductivity ephezulu, idla ngokusetyenziswa kwiintambo zombane ukuhambisa umbane ngokufanelekileyo ukusuka kwimithombo yamandla ukuya kwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo kunye nezixhobo zombane.

I-Electronics: I-Conductivity idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kwezixhobo zombane. Izinto zokuqhuba, njengesinyithi kunye ne-semiconductors, zisetyenziselwa ukwenziwa kwezinto ezinje ngeesekethe ezidibeneyo, ii-transistors, kunye nezihlanganisi.

Ukuhanjiswa koMbane: Izinto ezisetyenziswayo zisetyenziselwa iintambo zothumelo lombane ukunciphisa ilahleko yamandla. I-aluminiyam kunye neekhondaktha zobhedu ziqeshwe kwiintambo zombane ezingaphezulu kunye neentambo ezingaphantsi komhlaba ukuhambisa umbane ngokufanelekileyo kwimigama emide.

Iinkqubo zokufudumeza nokupholisa: Izinto zokuqhuba zisetyenziselwa ukufudumeza kunye nokupholisa izicelo. Izinto zokufudumeza zombane, ezifana nezo zifumaneka kwizitovu zombane, zixhomekeke kwizinto ezinomgangatho ophezulu wokuqhuba umbane ukuvelisa ubushushu ngokufanelekileyo. Ngokufanayo, i-heat sinks kwizixhobo zombane zenziwe ngezinto ezinomgangatho ophezulu we-thermal conductivity ukuze zichithe ukushisa ngokufanelekileyo.

Electrochemistry: Kwiinkqubo ze-electrochemical, conductivity ibalulekile kwi-electrolytes. Izisombululo ze-Electrolytic, eziqulethe i-ion eziququzelela ukuhamba kombane, zisetyenziselwa izicelo ezifana ne-electroplating, iibhetri, iiseli ze-fuel, kunye ne-electrolysis kwiinjongo ezahlukeneyo zoshishino kunye nezesayensi.

IiSensors kunye ne-Detectors: I-Conductivity isetyenziswa kwi-sensors kunye ne-detectors ukulinganisa iimpawu zombane. Ngokomzekelo, i-conductivity sensors iqeshwe ukujonga ukucoceka kwamanzi kwizityalo zokucoca amanzi kunye nokufumanisa utshintsho kwi-conductivity enokuthi ibonise ukungcola okanye ukungcola.

Usetyenziso lwezoNyango: Kwintsimi yeyeza, i-conductivity ifumana izicelo kwiindawo ezifana nemilinganiselo ye-bioelectric kunye nobuchule bokucinga bezonyango. I-Electrocardiography (ECG), umzekelo, ilinganisa ukuhanjiswa kombane kwentliziyo ukuxilonga nokubeka iliso kwiimeko zentliziyo.

Izinto ezixubileyo: Izongezo ezisebenzayo zisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwezinto ezidibeneyo zokuhambisa umbane. Ezi zixhobo zifumana usetyenziso kumashishini ahlukeneyo, kubandakanya i-aerospace, izithuthi, kunye nolwakhiwo, apho ukuhanjiswa kuyadingeka kwizicelo ezinje nge-electromagnetic shielding, static dissipation, kunye nezinto zokufudumeza.

Ukujongwa kokusiNgqongileyo: Ukuqhuba kusetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zokubeka iliso kokusingqongileyo ukuhlola umgangatho wamanzi kunye netyuwa. Iimitha ze-conductivity zisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ukuqhutyelwa kombane kwamanzi, ukubonelela ngolwazi oluxabisekileyo malunga nokubunjwa kwayo kunye nokungcola okunokwenzeka.

Le yimizekelo nje embalwa yendlela conductivity esetyenziswa ngayo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo. Iimpawu ezizodwa zombane zezixhobo zokuqhuba zenza uluhlu olubanzi lwenkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji kunye nezinto ezintsha kumashishini amaninzi.

Ii-FAQs

I-Q1: Uthini umehluko phakathi kwe-conductivity kunye ne-resistivity?

I-Conductivity ilinganisa ukukwazi kwezinto zokuqhuba umbane wangoku, ngelixa u-resistivity ulinganisa ukuchasana kwayo nokuhamba kwangoku.

I-Q2: Kutheni iintsimbi zine-conductivity ephezulu?

Iintsimbi zine-conductivity ephezulu ngenxa yobuninzi bee-electron zamahhala ezinokuhamba ngokulula kwizinto eziphathekayo.

I-Q3: Ngaba i-conductivity ingatshintshwa?

Ewe, i-conductivity inokuguqulwa ngezinto ezifana nobushushu, ukungcola, kunye nesakhiwo sekristale sezinto eziphathekayo.

I-Q4: Ziziphi ezinye ii-insulators eziqhelekileyo ezine-conductivity ephantsi?

Irabha, iplastiki, kunye neglasi yimizekelo yezinto eziqhelekileyo zokugquma insula-moya ezine-conductivity ephantsi.

I-Q5: I-conductivity ilinganiswa njani emanzini?

I-conductivity emanzini ilinganiswa kusetyenziswa imitha ye-conductivity, emisela ukukwazi kwamanzi ukuqhuba umsinga wombane.