Isikhokelo sabaQalayo kwiimitha ezi-7 zokuHamba eziQhelekileyo kunye neeNgcebiso zokuKhetha

Umlinganiselo wokuqukuqela asiyongcombolo nje yobugcisa; sisingqi seenkqubo zemizi-mveliso, ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko, ukuchaneka, kunye nokonga iindleko. Ngeentlobo ezingaphezu kwe-100 zeiimitha zokuhambaUkukhukula kwimarike namhlanje, ukukhetha enye enomlinganiselo ongcono wokusebenza-kuya-kwixabiso unokuziva ukoyikeka. Esi sikhokelo siphonononga iimbono eziphambili kwisixhobo sokuqukuqela, sikunceda ukuba ujonge ukhetho ngokuzithemba. Nokuba uyinjineli ephucula umbhobho okanye ungumphathi wohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lokuphucula, masingene kwizinto ezibalulekileyo zodidi lwemitha yokuqukuqela, amandla azo, kunye neengcebiso ezisebenzayo zokhetho.

Ukuqonda Iimitha zokuHamba: Kutheni zibalulekile kwi-Industrial Automation

Phulaizingaisipharamitha yekona kwimveliso yoshishino, ukulawula yonke into ukusuka kwiikhemikhali zokusabela ukuya kulwabiwo lwamandla. Ngeminyaka yoo-1970, itekhnoloji yoxinzelelo olwahlukileyo yabamba i-80% yesabelo semarike, kodwa ukusungulwa kwezinto ezintsha ukusukela ngoko kwazisa iinketho ezikrelekrele neziguquguqukayo. Namhlanje,ukukhetha ukuhambaimithaibandakanyaIzinto ezilungelelanisayo ezifana nohlobo lolwelo, iimeko zokusebenza, iimfuno zokuchaneka, kunye nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali. Ukususela kwiinkqubo zokugunyazisa kwiindawo ezinzima, njengezixhobo zeoli ze-offshore okanye amagumbi okucoca amayeza, isitshixo sihambelana neempawu zemitha kwisicelo sakho esithile ukuze ugweme ixesha lokuphumla kunye nokufundwa okungachanekanga.

Esi sithuba siya kuphonononga iindidi ezisixhenxe eziphambili zeemitha zokuhamba eziqhele ukusetyenziswa kwishishini, ziqaqambisa iimpawu zazo, izinto eziluncedo, ezimbi, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwiinkalo zeentlobo. Landela nje ukuze ukwazi ubuchule obuchaziweyo bokukhetha imitha yokuhamba!

1. Iimitha zokuHamba koxinzelelo olwahlukileyo: Ihashe elithembekileyo

Uxinzelelo olwahlukileyoumlinganiselouhlalaiteknoloji ehamba phambili esetyenziswa ngokubanzi, ekwazi ukuphatha ulwelo lwesigaba esisodwa phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa amaqondo aphezulu kunye noxinzelelo. Ngexesha layo lokukhula ngeminyaka yee-1970s, yabamba i-80% yemarike ngesizathu esihle. Ezi mitha zikholisa ukuba nesixhobo sokugobhoza (njengepleyiti ye-orifice, umlomo, ityhubhu yePitot, okanye i-avareji yetyhubhu yePitot) edityaniswe nesidluliseli.

Isixhobo sokuthomalalisa sithintela ukuqukuqela kwamanzi, sidala umahluko woxinzelelo phezulu nomzantsi olungelelaniswa nesantya sokuqukuqela. Iipleyiti ze-Orifice zikhethwa ngokukhethekileyo ngenxa yokulula kwazo kunye nokulula ukufakwa. Logama nje besenziwa kwaye bafakelwa ngokwemigangatho (cinga nge-ISO 5167), bazisa imilinganiselo ethembekileyo ngaphandle kokufuna ulungelelwaniso lokuqukuqela kokwenyani kodwa uhlolo nje olukhawulezayo.

Oko kwathiwa, zonke izixhobo zokuthoba zizisa ukulahleka koxinzelelo olusisigxina. I-orifice plate ebukhali ingalahlekelwa yi-25-40% yoxinzelelo oluphezulu oluhlukeneyo, olongeza kwiindleko zamandla kwimisebenzi emikhulu. Iityhubhu zePitot, kwelinye icala, zinelahleko engabalulekanga kodwa zinovelwano kutshintsho kwiprofayile yokuhamba, ngenxa yokuba isiphithiphithi sinokuphazamisa ukufunda kwabo.

Kwiplanti yepetrochemical, abaqhubi batshintshise iipleyiti ze-orifice eziphelelwe lixesha kwiityhubhu zeVenturi ukunciphisa uxinzelelo, okukhokelela ekunciphiseni kwe-15% kusetyenziso lwamandla empompo. Ke ngoko, xa ujongana nolwelo lwe-viscous okanye i-slurries, iyavakala ukuthathela ingqalelo i-avareji yeityhubhu zePitot ukuchaneka okungcono ekuhambeni okungalinganiyo. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukukhankanywa kukuba kusoloko kuqinisekisa ubuncinci i-10-20 yeedayamitha zemibhobho yokuqhubela ngqo phezulu ukuze kuzinziswe iprofayile yokuhamba, okanye abaqhubi banokubanjwa kwiintloko zokulinganisa.

2. Iimitha zokuHamba zeNdawo eguquguqukayo: Ubulula budibana noKuguquguquka

Ii-rotameter engumfanekiso imeleiimitha zokuhamba kwendawo eguquguqukayo, apho i-float iphakama kwityhubhu edibeneyo ngokomlinganiselo wokuhamba. Uluhlu lwabo olubalaseleyo? Ukufundwa ngokuthe ngqo, kwisiza ngaphandle kwamandla angaphandle, okulungele ukukhangela ngokukhawuleza kwintsimi.

Ezi zivela kwiincasa ezimbini eziphambili: i-glass tube rotameters ye-ambient, i-non-corrosive media efana nomoya, iigesi, okanye i-argon, enikezela ukubonakala okucacileyo kunye nokufundeka lula;kwayeintsimbiityhubhuirotameteriinguqulelokunye nezalathi zemagneti zobushushu obuphezulu okanye iimeko zoxinzelelo oluphezulu. Le yokugqibela inokuvelisa iimpawu ezisemgangathweni zokudibanisangeabarekhodioriitotali.

Izahluko zanamhlanje zibandakanya uyilo lwe-conical olulayishwe entwasahlobo ngaphandle kwamagumbi e-condensate, ukuqhayisa ngomlinganiselo we-100: 1 wokujika kwe-1 kunye ne-linear output, efanelekileyo kumlinganiselo womphunga.

Xa uthetha ngezicelo ezibanzi, ii-rotameters ezininzi zikhethwa ukuba zifakwe kwi-lab setting ukuze kuxutywe igesi, egcina iindleko ze-wiring ngenxa yeemfuno ezingenamandla. Kodwa ukujonga ii-vibrations, ii-rotameters zinokubangela i-jitter ye-float kunye nokufundwa kobuxoki. Ekuphuculweni kwe-brewery, umzekelo, iimodeli zetyhubhu zetsimbi zibamba ukuhamba kwe-wort eshushu, ukwandisa ubomi benkonzo ngokuphindwe kathathu, ngelixa iinguqulelo zeglasi ezixhobileyo kunye ne-PTFE linings ziyi-budget-friendly pick, kodwa abaqhubi kufuneka bazilinganise ngonyaka ukugcina i-1-2% ichanekile.

3. Iimitha zokuHamba iVortex: I-Oscillation ye-Precision

Iimitha zeVortex, umzekelo obalaseleyo weentlobo ze-oscillatory, faka umzimba we-bluff kwindlela yokuhamba, uvelisa i-vortices etshintshanayo apho i-frequency ihambelana nesantya. Akukho malungu ashukumayo athetha ukuphinda okugqwesileyo, ixesha elide, kunye nokugcinwa okuncinci.

Ukubamba iingenelo ezifana noluhlu olubanzi lomgca, ukungakhuseleki kwiqondo lokushisa, uxinzelelo, ubuninzi, okanye ukutshintshwa kwe-viscosity, ukulahleka koxinzelelo oluphantsi, kunye nokuchaneka okuphezulu (0.5-1%), iimitha zokuhamba kwe-vortex zibamba ukuya kwi-300 ° C kunye ne-30 MPa, zibenza zibe baninzi kwiigesi, ulwelo, kunye nomphunga.

Indlela yokuva kwiimitha zokuhamba kwe-vortex iyahluka ngokuphakathi: i-piezoelectric sensors ifanelekile kumphunga, i-thermal okanye i-ultrasonic sensors ihambelana nomoya, kwaye phantse zonke iinketho zoluvo zisebenza emanzini. Ngokufana neepleyiti ze-orifice, i-coefficient yokuhamba inqunywe yimilinganiselo yemitha.

Kwiprojekthi yombhobho werhasi yendalo, iimitha ze-vortex zigqwesa ii-injini zomoya ekuhambeni kokutyhatyha, ukunciphisa iimpazamo ukusuka kwi-5% ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-1%. Zinovakalelo kufakelo, oluqinisekisa ukubaleka okuthe tye kwaye kuthintele ukuba kufutshane neevalvu. Xa kuziwa kwiindlela ezivelayo, iimitha ze-vortex ezingenazingcingo ezinobomi bebhetri ukuya kuthi ga kwiminyaka eli-10 kwiindawo ezikude.

4. Iimitha zokuHamba zoMbane: UXhoko oluKhokayo uMhlobo osenyongweni

Iimitha zombane, okanye i-mag metre, isebenzisa umthetho kaFaraday, othi: Ulwelo oluhambayo olunqumla kwindawo yemagnethi lubangela ukuba amandla ombane alingane nokuhamba kwawo. Ukukhawulelwa kwimidiya eqhubayo, ezi mitha azichaphazeli ukushisa, uxinzelelo, ubuninzi, okanye i-viscosity-ithiyori, ubuncinane-kunye ne-100: i-1 turndown kunye ne-0.5% ngokuchanekileyo. Ubungakanani bombhobho buqala kwi-2mm ukuya kwi-3m, ukufanela amanzi, i-slurries, i-pulps, okanye i-corrosives.

Iimitha zokuhamba zombane zivelisa imiqondiso ebuthathaka (2.5–8 mV kwisikali esipheleleyo), ngoko ke ukwenza isikhuselo esifanelekileyo kunye nokubekwa phantsi kubalulekile ukunqanda ukuphazamiseka kweenjini.

Iimitha zokuhamba zombane zigqwesa kwizityalo zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka, zilinganisa ngokuthembekileyo ulwelo olumdaka njengodaka ngaphandle kokuvaleka. Ngokungafaniyo neemitha zoomatshini, iimitha zemag azinamalungu ashukumayo. Kumanzi amdaka, afana namanzi amdaka aneasidi, ukuphuculwa ukuya kwimitha ye-PFA-lined mag kunokunciphisa iimfuno zogcino ukuya kuthi ga kwi-50% njengoko kubonwa kwisityalo samva nje. Ukongeza, i-mag metres enebhetri ifumana ukutsalwa kwemitha yamanzi ekude, inika ukuguquguquka kwiindawo ezingaphandle kwegridi ngelixa igcina ukuthembeka okufanayo kweclog-free.

5. Iimitha zokuHamba ze-Ultrasonic: I-Non-Intrusive Innovation

Ukuhamba kwe-ultrasoniciimithayizakwiintlobo ezimbini eziphambili: i-Doppler kunye nexesha lokuhamba-moya (TOF).Doppleriimithaumlinganiseloukuqukuqela ngokubona utshintsho lwamaza okutshintsha ukusuka kumasuntswana amisiweyo, oko kubenza balungele isantya esiphezulu, ulwelo olumdaka olufana nodaka, kodwa lungasebenzi kakuhle kwizantya ezisezantsi okanye umphezulu wombhobho orhabaxa.

Iimitha ze-TOF, ezibala ukuhamba ngokusekwe kumahluko wexesha lamaza e-ultrasonic ahamba kunye nachasene nokuhamba, agqwese kulwelo olucocekileyo, olufana namanzi, afuna ubuchwephesha obuchanekileyo bokuchaneka. Uyilo lwe-TOF olunemiqadi emininzi luphucula ukusebenza kuqukuqelo lwesiphithiphithi, lunikezela ngokuthembeka okukhulu kwiinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo.

Kwi-retrofit yenkqubo yamanzi epholileyo, i-clamp-on TOF ultrasonic metres igcine amawaka ngokususa imfuno yokunqunyulwa kwemibhobho okanye ukuvalwa, ukufezekisa ukuchaneka kwe-1% kunye nokulinganisa okufanelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, amaqamza omoya okanye iingubo zombhobho zinokuphazamisa ukufunda, ngoko ke uhlolo olucokisekileyo lwesiza lubalulekile. Ukuphicothwa kwentsimi, iiyunithi eziphathekayo ze-ultrasonic zixabiseke kakhulu, zibonelela ngokuxilongwa ngokukhawuleza ngaphandle kwexesha lokunciphisa inkqubo.

6. Iimitha zokuHamba kweTurbine: Isantya kunye nokuchaneka kwiMotion

Ukuhamba kwe turbineiimitha sebenzakumgaqo wolondolozo lwesantya, apho ukuhamba kwamanzi kujikeleza i-rotor, kwaye isantya se-rotor sihambelana ngqo nesantya sokuhamba. Ezi mitha zilawula kwizicelo ezifuna ukuchaneka okuphezulu, kunye noyilo oluthile lwegesi oluneengile ezincinci ze-blade kunye neeblade ezingaphezulu zokuphucula ukusebenza kulwelo olunoxinano olusezantsi. Bahambisa ukuchaneka okukhethekileyo (i-0.2-0.5%, okanye i-0.1% kwiimeko ezikhethekileyo), i-10: i-1 ye-turndown ratio, ilahleko ephantsi yoxinzelelo, kunye nokusebenza okuqinileyo phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu, kodwa ifuna ulwelo olucocekileyo kunye nokuhamba kombhobho okwaneleyo ukuphepha iimpazamo ezibangelwa yi-turbulence.

Kwinkqubo yamafutha eenqwelomoya,ukuhamba kweinjini yomoyaiimithaiqinisekisiwekhomba ukuchaneka kokudluliselwa kogcino, okubaluleke kakhulu ekuchanekeni kwetyala. Ubungakanani obuncinci bobukhulu bukhulisa ubuntununtunu kuxinaniso lolwelo kunye ne-viscosity, ngoko ke ukuhluzwa kwangaphambili okuqinileyo kuyimfuneko ukuthintela iimpazamo ezinxulumene nobutyobo. Uyilo lweHybrid kunye neepicups zemagneti luphucule ukuthembeka ngokunciphisa ukunxiba koomatshini.

7. Iimitha zokuHamba eziNgcono: Ukuchaneka kweVolumetric

Iimitha zokuqukuqela ezifanelekileyo zilinganisa ukuhamba ngokubambisa kunye nokususa imithamo yolwelo olungaguqukiyo ngokujikeleziswa ngakunye, kusetyenziswa uyilo olunje ngegiya elimbhoxo, ipiston ejikelezayo, okanye iintlobo ze-scraper. Iimitha zegiya ezimbhoxo zibonelela ngomlinganiselo we-20:1 wokujika kwe-1 kunye nokuchaneka okuphezulu (ngokuqhelekileyo i-0.5% okanye ngaphezulu) kodwa zichaphazeleka kwi-jamming evela kwi-debris kulwelo. Iimitha zepiston ezijikelezayo zigqwesa ekuphatheni umthamo omkhulu, nangona uyilo lwazo lunokuvumela ukuvuza okuncinci, kube nefuthe lokuchaneka kwiimeko zokuhamba okuphantsi.

Ukungachatshazelwa yi-viscosity yamanzi, iimitha ze-PD zilungele ulwelo olufana ne-oyile kunye namanzi, kodwa azifanelekanga kwiigesi okanye umphunga ngenxa yendlela yomthamo.

Kwiplanti yokulungisa ukutya, iimitha zePD, ngakumbi iintlobo zegiya embhoxo, zazibalulekile kwibhetshi echanekileyo yokudosa israphu ye-viscous, iqinisekisa umgangatho wemveliso ongaguqukiyo. Nangona kunjalo, ubutyobo kwiisyrups ezingahluzwanga bubangele ukugcwala ngamaxesha athile, kugxininisa imfuneko yeenkqubo zokuhluza ezomeleleyo. Ucoceko-kwindawo (i-CIP) uyilo olunciphisa kakhulu ixesha lokuphumla ngokwenza lula ukugcinwa, ukutshintshwa komdlalo kwimigca ephezulu.

Ukukhetha Imitha yokuHamba eLungileyo: Iingcebiso zeNgcali zeMpumelelo

Ukukhetha imitha yokuqukuqela elungileyo kubalulekile ekuphuculeni iinkqubo zamashishini, njengoko kungekho mitha enye ifanele isicelo ngasinye. Ukwenza ukhetho olunolwazi, vavanya izinto eziphambili: iimpawu ze-fluid (umzekelo, i-viscosity, i-corrosiveness, okanye umxholo we-particulate), uluhlu lokuhamba (ubuncinci kunye namazinga aphezulu), ukuchaneka okufunekayo (ukusuka kwi-0.1% yokudluliselwa kokugcinwa kwe-2% yokuhlola ngokubanzi), izithintelo zofakelo (ezifana nobukhulu bombhobho, iimfuno zokuqhuba ngokuthe tye, kunye nokugcinwa kweendleko ezipheleleyo, ukulinganiselwa kweendleko zokuthenga, ukugcinwa kweendleko, ukulinganiselwa kwendawo kunye nokugcinwa kweendawo), iindleko).

Ngokuvavanya ezi meko ngokweemfuno zenkqubo yakho, ngokufanelekileyo ngovavanyo lokulinga okanye ukubonisana nomthengisi, unokukhetha imitha elinganisa ukusebenza kunye nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali.